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The whole earth shook, a ridge of clouds rushed. The shaking of the earth carried away the cities... All the shackles of heaven were able to open. He brought a rampant shaking to the joints of the earth, he squeezed the poor earth into such a vice that he broke huge rocks into pieces... Bottoms
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Earthquake - sharp, sudden tremors and vibrations of the earth's surface that occur in the depths of the earth
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Source - a place in the earth's crust or mantle where rupture and displacement of rocks occurs Epicenter - an area on the earth's surface that is located above the source of the earthquake
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S I L A E M L E T R Y S E N I Y 12-point international seismic scale. (Richter scale). 1-2 points - weak tremors, not felt by humans 3-4 points - tremors are felt, but no destruction occurs 5-6 points - slight damage to buildings 7-8 points - partial damage to buildings 9-10 points - cracks 10-20 cm. , landslides in the mountains 11-12 points - everything on the earth’s surface is destroyed
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Think about it. To determine the strength of an earthquake, the Japanese scientist Wadachi proposed a scale in 1931, which was later improved by Richter in 1935. Today it is a 12-point Richter scale. Why were the Japanese the first to create a scale that determines the strength of an earthquake?
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Strong earthquakes of the late 20th and early 21st centuries, 1988 December 7 - Armenia. An earthquake measuring about 7 on the Richter scale destroyed the city of Spitak and destroyed the cities of Leninakan, Stepanavan, Kirovakan. 25 thousand people were killed, 17 thousand were injured, 514 thousand people were left homeless. 1995 May 27, Russia, o. Sakhalin, Neftegorsk. An earthquake measuring 9 on the Richter scale completely destroyed the city of Neftegorsk. About 3 thousand people died. 1999 August 17, Türkiye. More than 14 thousand people died. Initially it was estimated at 6.7 points, but later seismologists recognized that the force of the shock at the epicenter was 7.7 points 2001 January 26, India, Gujarat state. As a result of an earthquake measuring 7.9 on the Richter scale in 30 seconds. 8.8 thousand villages were affected in 171 districts of the state, where about 37 million people lived. 16 thousand 435 people were killed and 68.5 thousand were injured. 228.9 thousand houses were completely destroyed and 397.5 thousand were damaged.
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Earthquake in Chile (2010) On February 27, an earthquake of magnitude 8.8 occurred. In the next two days after the first earthquake, repeated tremors with a magnitude of 4.8 to 6.1 were recorded. The earthquake killed 279 people. About 2 million Chileans were left homeless, about 500 were injured, and 1.5 million homes were damaged.
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Earthquake in Haiti (2010) Two powerful tremors shook the capital of the Republic of Haiti, Port-au-Prince, on January 12. The magnitude of the shocks was 7.0 and 5.9 on the Richter scale. There is no exact data on the dead (from 50 thousand to 500 thousand people).
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Earthquake in Japan (2011) On March 11, two powerful earthquakes occurred in Japan. The magnitude of the first was 8.8 points, and the second -7.1. As a result of the earthquake, the Pacific Plate and the northern part of the Japanese Islands shifted towards North America by 2.4 meters. The earthquake caused a tsunami that spread throughout the Pacific Ocean. In Japan, the maximum wave height was 7.3 meters. The official death toll as a result of the earthquake and tsunami is 15,815 people, 3,966 people are missing, 5,940 people are injured. There have been accidents at nuclear power plants, and a release of radioactive substances has been recorded.
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Earthquake in Southeast Asia (2004) An earthquake measuring 8.9 on the Richter scale caused a powerful tsunami. More than 300 thousand people died. Tsunami waves hit the countries of South Asia: Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, Malaysia, Thailand, Bangladesh, Myanmar, the Maldives and Seychelles, and reached Somalia, located 5,000 kilometers from the epicenter of the earthquake.
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- What is an earthquake?
- What are hypocenter and epicenter?
- Seismograph.
- Mercali scale (MSK-86).
- Illustrations of the consequences of earthquakes.
- Consequences of earthquakes.
- Signs of an approaching earthquake.
- Rules for safe behavior during an earthquake.
- Questions on the topic
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The source of the earthquake, i.e. the point underground that is the source of an earthquake is called the hypocenter. Directly above the hypocenter on the surface of the earth is the epicenter of the earthquake, around which is the area experiencing the greatest ground vibrations.
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Depending on the intensity of ground vibrations on the surface of the earth, earthquakes are divided according to the international 12-point scale MSK-86 (Mercali scale).
Maximum intensity according to Merkali, points Typical manifestations of an earthquake 1-2 The population does not feel the earthquake 3 Some people feel the earthquake; no damage 4-5 Earthquakes are felt by most people; no damage to buildings 6-7 Minor damage to buildings: cracks in walls and chimneys 7-8 Moderate damage to buildings: through cracks in weak walls 9-10 Major damage: collapses of poorly constructed buildings, cracks in strong buildings 11-12 General and almost complete destruction
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Consequences of earthquakes
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Dangerous geological phenomena. Tsunami, floods. Fires. Panic. Injury and death. Damage and destruction of buildings. Releases of radioactive, hazardous chemical and other harmful substances. Transport accidents and disasters. Violation of the functioning of life support systems.
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Signs of an approaching earthquake
The smell of gas in areas where this has not been noted before. Flashes in the form of scattered lightning lightning. Sparking of nearby, but not touching, electrical wires. A bluish glow from the interior walls of houses. The unusual behavior of animals.
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Rules for safe behavior during an earthquake
Don't panic. Protect yourself from debris, glass, and heavy objects. While on the 1st floor, quickly leave the building and move away from it to an open place. If you are on the 2nd floor or higher, take the safest place (away from windows, in openings of internal main walls, in doorways, in toilet rooms).
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Questions on the topic
You are at home alone. Suddenly the glass and the chandelier began to shake, dishes and books began to fall from the shelves. What are you going to do? Name the most typical consequences of earthquakes.
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The presentation was prepared by 6th grade “B” student Alisa Matveeva.
Earthquake
Earthquake - tremors and vibrations of the Earth's surface caused by natural causes (mainly tectonic processes), or (sometimes) artificial processes (explosions, filling of reservoirs, collapse of underground cavities of mine workings). Small tremors can also be caused by the rise of lava during volcanic eruptions. The source of an earthquake is the place in the depths of the earth where an earthquake originates, from where elastic seismic waves diverge in all directions. The epicenter of an earthquake is the location on the earth's surface closest to the source. And the territory where earthquakes have occurred or are expected is called a seismic region.
About a million earthquakes occur throughout the Earth each year, but most are so small that they go unnoticed. Really strong earthquakes, capable of causing widespread destruction, occur on the planet about once every two weeks. Most of them fall on the bottom of the oceans, and therefore are not accompanied by catastrophic consequences (if an earthquake under the ocean does not occur without a tsunami).
Causes of an earthquake The cause of an earthquake is the rapid displacement of a section of the earth's crust as a whole at the moment of relaxation (discharge) of elastic deformation of stressed rocks at the source of the earthquake. Most earthquakes occur near the Earth's surface.
Intensity of an earthquake Intensity is a qualitative characteristic of an earthquake and indicates the nature and scale of the impact of an earthquake on the surface of the earth, on people, animals, as well as on natural and artificial structures in the area of the earthquake.
1.point (imperceptible) - soil vibrations detected by the device; 2.point (very weak) - the earthquake is felt in some cases by people who are in a calm state; 3.points (weak) - hesitation is noted by few people; 4.point (moderate) earthquake is noted by many people - and; possible vibration of windows and doors; 5. points (quite strong) - swinging of hanging objects, creaking of floors, rattling of glass, shedding of whitewash; 6. points (strong) - slight damage to buildings: thin cracks in plaster, cracks in stoves, etc.; 7. points (very strong) - significant damage to buildings; cracks in plaster and breaking off individual pieces, thin cracks in walls, damage to chimneys; cracks in damp soils;
8. points (destructive) - destruction in buildings: large cracks in the walls, falling cornices, chimneys. Landslides and cracks up to several centimeters wide on mountain slopes; 9. points (devastating) - collapses in some buildings, collapse of walls, partitions, roofs. Landslides, screes and landslides in the mountains. The speed of crack propagation can reach 2 km/s; 10 points (destructive) - collapses in many buildings; in the rest - serious damage. Cracks in the ground up to 1 m wide, collapses, landslides. Due to the rubble of river valleys, lakes arise; 11. points (catastrophe) - numerous cracks on the surface of the Earth, large landslides in the mountains. General destruction of buildings; 12 points (severe disaster) - change in relief on a large scale. Huge collapses and landslides. General destruction of buildings and structures.
Here are some sad figures: In 1995, the city of Neftegorsk was completely destroyed. Of its 3 thousand inhabitants, more than 2 thousand were killed and injured. The largest earthquake of the 20th century occurred on December 7, 1998 at 11:41 am. In Armenia. It covered an area with a population of over 700 thousand people. The strength of the tremors at the epicenter of the natural disaster reached more than 10 points. The cities of Kirovokan, Stepanakert, Leninakan were especially affected, and Spitak was practically wiped off the face of the earth.
Signs of an earthquake. Sudden changes in the water level in reservoirs or its turbidity. The smell of gas in areas where there was none before. Disturbance of birds and animals. Weak tremors of the earth's crust. Disturbance in the operation of radio, telegraph, electromagnetic devices.
What should you do in case of an earthquake? At the first shock, try to immediately leave the building within 15-20 minutes. Go down the stairs only, notifying neighbors of the need to leave the building. If you stay in the apartment, you need to stand in the doorway or in the corner of the room, away from windows, lamps, cabinets and mirrors. Avoid panic. If an earthquake catches you in a car, you need to stop immediately and not get out of the car until the shaking is over.
This is what happens during an earthquake.
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!!
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Slide captions:
"Earthquake" 7th grade
An earthquake is an underground tremors and vibrations of the earth's surface that arise as a result of displacements and ruptures in the earth's crust or the upper part of the earth's mantle and are transmitted over long distances in the form of elastic vibrations.
Earthquake The source of an earthquake, i.e. the point underground that is the source of an earthquake is called the hypocenter. Directly above the hypocenter on the surface of the earth is the epicenter of the earthquake, around which is the area experiencing the greatest ground vibrations.
A seismograph is a sensitive instrument that detects and records earthquakes, noting their strength, direction and duration.
Depending on the intensity of ground vibrations on the surface of the earth, earthquakes are divided according to the international 12-point scale MSK-86 (Mercali scale). Maximum intensity according to Merkali, points Typical manifestations of an earthquake 1-2 The population does not feel the earthquake 3 Some people feel the earthquake; no damage 4-5 Earthquakes are felt by most people; no damage to buildings 6-7 Minor damage to buildings: cracks in walls and chimneys 7-8 Moderate damage to buildings: through cracks in weak walls 9-10 Major damage: collapses of poorly constructed buildings, cracks in strong buildings 11-12 General and almost complete destruction
Consequences of earthquakes
Consequences of earthquakes. Dangerous geological phenomena. Tsunami, floods. Fires. Panic. Injury and death. Damage and destruction of buildings. Releases of radioactive, hazardous chemical and other harmful substances. Transport accidents and disasters. Violation of the functioning of life support systems.
Signs of an approaching earthquake The smell of gas in areas where this has not been noted before. Flashes in the form of scattered lightning lightning. Sparking of nearby, but not touching, electrical wires. A bluish glow from the interior walls of houses. The unusual behavior of animals.
Rules for safe behavior during an earthquake Do not panic. Protect yourself from debris, glass, and heavy objects. While on the 1st floor, quickly leave the building and move away from it to an open place. If you are on the 2nd floor or higher, take the safest place (away from windows, in openings of internal main walls, in doorways, in toilet rooms).
Questions on the topic: You are at home alone. Suddenly the glass and the chandelier began to shake, dishes and books began to fall from the shelves. What are you going to do? Name the most typical consequences of earthquakes.
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Earthquakes are tremors and vibrations of the Earth's surface caused by natural causes (mainly tectonic processes) or artificial processes (explosions, filling of reservoirs, collapse of underground cavities in mine workings). Small tremors can also cause lava to rise during volcanic eruptions. lava
The most powerful earthquake in the world! The strongest earthquake in the world ever recorded destroyed lives on August 15, 1950 in Assam (India). The most powerful earthquake in the history of mankind, which even seismographs were unable to measure because the needles were off scale, erupted in Assam. It claimed the lives of more than 1,000 people. Later, the earthquake was attributed to a force of 9 points on the Richter scale. The power of the earthquake was so colossal that it caused confusion in the calculations of seismologists. American seismologists decided that it happened in Japan, and Japanese seismologists decided that it happened in America. In addition to the 1,000 dead, 2,000 people were left homeless. Property damage was estimated at $25 million.
January 23 January 23, 1556 Gansu and Shaanxi, China more people died than after any other earthquake in human history 1556 China people died January 23 1556 China people died
Calcutta, India person died CalcuttaIndia 1737CalcuttaIndia
Lisbon from to people died, the city was completely destroyed Lisbon 1755Lisbon
Ashgabat, Turkmen SSR, USSR Ashgabat earthquake, one person died AshgabatTurkmen USSRSSSR Ashgabat earthquake 1948AshgabatTurkmen USSRUSSR Ashgabat earthquake
September 1, 1923 Great Kanto Earthquake Tokyo and Yokohama, Japan (8.3 Richter) people died, about a million were left homeless as a result of fires 1923 Great Kanto Earthquake Tokyo Yokohama Japan September 1, 1923 Great Kanto Earthquake Tokyo Yokohama Japan
And also various earthquakes! April 26 April 26, 1966 Tashkent, Uzbek SSR, USSR, Tashkent earthquake (5.3 Richter) the city was severely destroyed, 8 people died. 1966 Tashkent Uzbek USSR USSR Tashkent earthquake April 26, 1966 Tashkent Uzbek USSR USSR Tashkent earthquake May 31 May 31, 1970 Peru people died, people were left homeless 1970 Peru May 31, 1970 Peru February 4 February 4, 1976 Guatemala more people died, more than 1 million people were left homeless 1976Guatemala February 41976Guatemala July 2828 July 1976 Tangshan, North eastern China, Tangshan earthquake (8.2 according to Richter) more than people died 1976 Tangshan China Tangshan earthquake July 28, 1976 Tangshan China Tangshan earthquake Sicily destruction in many settlements, the volcano Etna Sicily 1981 Sicily September 18 September 18, 1985 Mexico City, Mexico force 8.2 Richter magnitudes more than people died 1985 Mexico City Mexico September 18, 1985 Mexico City Mexico 7 December 7, 1988 Spitak earthquake: Armenian SSR, USSR, the cities of Spitak, Leninakan and many villages were destroyed, people died. The same number were injured 1988Spitak earthquakeArmenian USSRSSRSPitakLeninakan December 7,1988Spitak earthquakeArmenian USSRSSRSPitakLeninakan
May 28, 1995 Neftegorsk, North-Eastern Sakhalin (magnitude 7.5) 1841 people died. May 28, 1995 Neftegorsk, North-Eastern Sakhalin (magnitude 7.5) 1841 people died. May 28, 1995 Neftegorsk Sakhalin May 28, 1995 Neftegorsk Sakhalin August 17, 1999 Izmit earthquake: Turkey, (magnitude 7.6) a person was killed, a person was injured, and about one was left homeless. August 17, 1999 Izmit earthquake: Turkey, (magnitude 7.6) killed a person, was injured, and was left homeless. August 17, 1999 Izmit earthquake Turkey August 17, 1999 Izmit earthquake Turkey December 26, 2004 earthquake in the Indian Ocean, the ensuing tsunami killed 225–250 thousand people. December 26, 2004 earthquake in the Indian Ocean, the ensuing tsunami killed 225–250 thousand people. December 26, 2004 earthquakeIndian Ocean December 26, 2004earthquakeIndian Ocean May 12, 2008 Sichuan earthquake An earthquake in central China, killing about people. May 12, 2008 Sichuan earthquake earthquake in central China, killing about people. May 12, 2008 Sichuan earthquake China May 12, 2008 Sichuan earthquake China January 12, 2010 earthquake in Haiti, magnitude 7.0 occurred at 21:53:10 UTC number of deaths: 220 thousand people, 300 thousand were injured, 1.1 million lost their homes. On January 12, 2010, an earthquake in Haiti, magnitude 7.0 occurred at 21:53:10 UTC, the number of deaths was 220 thousand people, 300 thousand were injured, 1.1 million lost their homes. January 12, 2010earthquakeHaiti January 12, 2010earthquakeHaiti February 27, 2010 Santiago, Chile magnitude 8.8 occurred at 06:34:14 UTC at least 799 people were killed, more than 1.5 million houses were damaged by the earthquake and tsunami. February 27, 2010 Santiago, Chile magnitude 8.8 occurred at 06:34:14 UTC at least 799 people were killed, more than 1.5 million houses were damaged by the earthquake and tsunami. February 27, 2010SantiagoChile February 27, 2010SantiagoChile
