Choosing a heating wiring diagram in a private house. DIY heating options for a private house. Infrared film floor

With the growing popularity of private and suburban housing, the problems of choosing a heating source and its efficiency become urgent for many owners. The cost of heating a home can be up to 70 - 80% of the cost of all utilities. Depending on the climate zone, the length of the heating season, the availability and low cost of energy sources, the heating system of a house can be based either on a single source or using combined heating units that can operate on various types of fuel (wood, coal, gas, fuel oil, etc.). ). The most common systems and methods of heating private and suburban housing, principles of operation, advantages and disadvantages will be discussed further.

Stoves and fireplaces.

The simplest home heating system is traditional stove heating. The heat source here is a brick or metal wood stove. In the southern regions, where the heating season is relatively short, you can heat a small house using a fireplace.

The most common materials for laying out wood-burning stoves and fireplaces are simple or fireclay (fireproof) bricks. To build a full-size brick wood stove or fireplace, a separate foundation is required. If installing a stove foundation is impossible for some reason, it is recommended to install a metal stove, gas or alcohol fireplace.

The main advantages of wood and coal heating are the relative cheapness and availability of fuel, complete independence from various sources (gas, electricity), and relative ease of operation.

All brick kilns have a high heat capacity. This means that heated bricks, especially fireclay bricks, are able to transfer heat to the surrounding space for quite a long time. Even in the cold winter, a working wood stove can maintain heat in an area of up to 30 square meters for more than 10 hours per fire. However, brick kilns also have increased thermal inertness. Therefore, it takes considerable time to heat up a brick kiln. If you light a stove in a room in which the temperature has dropped below 0C, then for some time during its ignition the temperature will drop even lower due to the suction of cold air from outside as a result of combustion. Steel and cast iron stoves, as well as fireplaces, are characterized by higher operating speed and low thermal inertia. This means that a melted metal stove or fireplace begins to give off heat to the surrounding air much faster than a brick stove, but it does not hold the body for so long.

Many modern stoves have special fins and channels for better heat transfer and increased circulation of warm air. However, after finishing the fire, metal stoves and fireplaces cool down quickly. This may cause some inconvenience if you permanently live in a heated room. These types of stoves, as well as fireplaces, are perfect for use in country houses with temporary residence, when constant heat maintenance is not required.

The installation of a chimney is another necessary condition for wood-burning stoves and fireplaces. When installing a brick pipe, it is imperative to take into account a significant increase in the load on the foundation. The metal pipe can be taken outside the heated room and reinforced outside the building. Installing a metal pipe next to flammable materials (wood, tow, plastic, wallpaper, etc.) is unacceptable, since heating it with hot gases can lead to a fire. The chimney must have high-quality thermal insulation, completely eliminating the possibility of fire. All stove and fireplace pipes, when installed on the roof, must be at least 20 cm higher than its ridge. Cracks, masonry defects, as well as leaky connections on the pipes are not allowed, since they can not only worsen draft, but also cause a fire or carbon monoxide poisoning gas.

Chimneys of all types of stoves and fireplaces must be cleaned at least twice a year, before the start of the heating season. To prevent heat loss, many ovens have dampers. It is possible to completely close the stove damper only when the fuel is completely burned. Despite the apparent ease of operation, stoves and fireplaces require periodic cleaning, often depend on meteorological conditions and require careful attention during operation.

Advantages of stove heating

Complete independence from external sources;
Cheap to use.

Disadvantages of stove heating

Takes up a lot of space in the house;
Takes a long time to warm up;
There is no possibility to automate;
The combustion process takes a lot of time and effort.

To heat large areas, it is necessary to install a liquid or convection heating system.

Water (liquid) heating.

For heating rooms over 30 square meters. m. you will need a more complex heating system that will ensure uniform heating of the entire house. In this case, it is necessary to install a liquid or air (convection) heating system.

A traditional liquid heating system consists of a boiler in which a liquid is heated: water or antifreeze. After heating, the coolant, which is a liquid by gravity or forced, is supplied through a piping system to the heating radiators using a circulation pump. The liquid that has transferred heat to the air in the room returns to the boiler.

Advantages of water heating

Low price of energy carrier (gas);
Same temperature in all rooms;

Disadvantages of water heating

If water is used, the system may freeze.

Types of heating boilers

The fuel with which the heating system operates can be of any type. Electric, wood, coal, pellet, liquid, gas, as well as combination boilers that can maintain a given temperature in large areas are widely available. Heating boilers can be installed either directly in the heated room, or in the basement or in special outbuildings. Boilers that burn fuel must be equipped with a chimney. The requirements for them are similar to those for traditional wood or gas stoves.

Heating boilers can have either manual or fully automatic control. For example, liquid and gas heating boilers are widely available, in which the maintenance of the liquid temperature is regulated by manually supplying fuel, regardless of the presence of voltage in the electrical network. More expensive boiler models are equipped with electronic control systems that are capable of maintaining a set temperature in rooms without operator intervention, but require power from the mains. If the boiler is installed directly in a heated room, then heat losses during transportation of heated liquid to the radiators are not critical. If the boiler is installed at some distance from the heated building, thermal insulation of all pipes must be carried out. Metal pipes have a more pronounced heat loss than metal-plastic and especially polypropylene pipes.

What to put into the heating system

The choice of liquid as a heat carrier largely depends on the location in which the boiler is installed, as well as the temporary or permanent use of the living space that needs to be heated. If the house is used infrequently and the heating is turned on only when the residents arrive, then non-freezing liquids should be used as a heat carrier to avoid damage to the heating system. For continuous heating operation, it is permissible to use water.

Air heating

Air or convection heating is considered a new product in our country, but it is gradually gaining popularity. The main advantage of such a system is that the heat carrier in it is air. Such a heating system functions as follows: the air is heated from a heat source (gas, heating elements), after which it is supplied through the ventilation system to the heated room. In addition to the heat source, the system includes a thermally insulated ventilation pipeline and fans that supply heated air to the premises.

Air heating circuit

Exhaust air duct;
Terminal duct;
Rectangular air distribution grille for supplying air from the ceiling;
Rectangular air distribution grille for supplying air from the floor;
Linear diffuser for supplying air from the ceiling;
Round air distribution grille for supplying air from the ceiling or floor;
Rectangular air distribution grille for supplying air from the wall;
Linear diffuser for supplying air from the floor;
Rectangular air distribution grille for supplying air from ceiling consoles or soffits;
Supply air duct network;
Air intake grilles;
Air intake from the street;
Chimney;
Electronic filter;
Air heating oven;
Humidifier.

Another advantage of such a system is the ability to use the system for cooling and air conditioning in the summer. Such systems are fully automated and silent thanks to the use of modern electronic components. A modern convection heating system includes a system for purifying air from dust and other impurities. Another advantage of such a system is the absence of heating radiators and open pipelines. The disadvantages are the relatively high cost and dependence on electricity, since air circulation is provided by built-in electric fans.

Advantages of air heating

Possibility to use as an air conditioning system;
Low energy consumption compared to other systems using electricity;
Possibility of process automation;
Possibility of remote control.

Disadvantages of air heating

Cumbersomeness of the system;
High cost of installation;

Infrared heating and alternative heat sources. Along with traditional heat sources, innovative ones are also gaining increasing popularity. Among them is infrared space heating. The main attractiveness of this type of heating is the ability to quickly turn it on and off as needed if the heated room is not in use. Despite operating from the mains, infrared heating allows you to significantly save on heating costs. This is achieved in the following way: infrared heaters and wall screens heat not the air, but the objects located in the heated room. When there are no people in the room, the infrared heating system can automatically turn off and no electricity is consumed. If a person enters the room, the heating system instantly turns on, without wasting energy on heating the surrounding air. Such a heating system is attractive due to its low costs, since it consumes a relatively small amount of electricity, but makes the residents of the house dependent on its uninterrupted supply.

Advantages of infrared heating

High speed of heating a cold room;
Quick installation;
High efficiency;
Possibility of process automation;
Possibility of remote control.

Cons of infrared heating

Severely scalds your head (when mounted on the ceiling).

Other alternative sources of thermal energy include geothermal heating plants. Receiving thermal energy from natural renewable heat sources, despite its exotic nature, is gaining popularity among owners of private suburban housing. The operating principle of geothermal heating is based on the transportation of low-grade heat from the deep layers of the soil. This is achieved by drilling several wells to a depth of over 20-50 meters and inserting probes into these wells. The temperature of the deep layers of the earth at such a depth is constant and reaches 4 degrees Celsius. When using a heat pump, this is quite enough to heat large areas. The geothermal heating system attracts many people with the opportunity to receive free thermal energy. However, drilling is associated with significant costs, which complicate the possibility of massive use of subsoil heat for heating private houses.

Heat pump
DHW cylinder
Heating circuit buffer tank

As an optimal option, an infrared heating system can complement the traditional one and contribute to significant savings in fuel or electricity.

Pros of geothermal heating

Possibility of use in air conditioning mode in summer;
High efficiency;
Possibility of process automation;
Possibility of remote control.

Cons of Geothermal Heating

Extremely high installation costs;
Increased requirements for home insulation;

Solar thermal heating

In regions with a large number of sunny days a year, it is possible to use solar thermal units. They use solar energy as a heat source. This heating method appeared relatively recently, but has recently been gaining popularity in many countries with a long heating season. The solar thermal heating system functions as follows: a device is installed on the roof of the house - a solar collector, in which the energy of the sun's rays is converted into heat and transferred to liquid or air. On a cloudless sunny day, the system is capable of maintaining temperatures above 18C in an insulated room of up to 20 square meters. m. without the use of other heating sources at outside air temperatures down to −25C.

The use of geothermal and solar thermal systems in combination with traditional heating systems opens up great prospects for savings and rational use of other types of fuel. Currently, many countries are conducting a number of studies and tests of devices capable of receiving thermal energy from natural sources. The prospects for using alternative sources of thermal energy are very broad and attract many not only by the possibility of reducing heating costs, but also by improving the environmental situation as a result of reducing emissions of fuel combustion products into the atmosphere.

Pros of solar thermal heating

Low dependence on external energy sources;
Possibility of process automation;
Possibility of remote control.

Disadvantages of solar thermal heating

High dependence on natural factors;
Increased requirements for home insulation;
Limited capability in extreme sub-zero temperatures.

In order for your stay in a private house to be as comfortable as possible, it must certainly have such an important element as a heating system for a private house. Only with its help can you create surprisingly pleasant, comfortable living conditions.

Of course, the coolant plays an important role in any heating system. In fact, its presence is a prerequisite, otherwise the heating device in a private house simply will not be able to function efficiently. Almost all modern heating systems use water as a coolant.

Heating system of a private house

The most correct option is to contact a specialized company, whose employees will help you choose a heating system for a private home and provide installation services for heating systems.

Professionals will be able to advise which type of heating system will be most efficient to use in your home, and will install it correctly.

It should be noted that sometimes home owners, not wanting to hire additional specialists, take on the installation of the heating system themselves. In fact, there is nothing complicated about this - you just need to follow certain installation rules.

What does the heating system consist of?

Quite often, the heart, the main element of any heating system is the boiler. It is he who heats the coolant, the task of which is obvious - to spread heat throughout the house. And, of course, liquid can best cope with this task. In most heating systems, it is customary to use water as a coolant.

A system with a coolant of this type is made closed. That is, the water in it circulates around the ring, and adding coolant is required extremely rarely.

Today, the two-pipe heating system, which is shown in the photo, is recognized as the most reliable and practical:

It consists of two circuits closed on the boiler - coolant supply and return. The first serves to supply the liquid heated in the boiler to the radiators, where it gives off its heat. After cooling, the coolant returns through the return pipes to the boiler for reheating. In this case, the most rational and most effective is the parallel arrangement of radiators - thus, they warm up at the same time, which makes it possible to uniformly warm up all rooms. It is important to remember that the heating efficiency is affected by the distance between the coolant supply and return circuits. The permissible minimum is the height from the window sill to the floor.

Many experts argue that such a heating system is less efficient than the old stove heating.

It should be admitted that they are partly right - after all, due to the passage of coolant through pipes and components, a certain loss of coolant occurs. However, we should not forget that stove heating does not make it possible to heat all rooms evenly at the same time. In addition, using a stove is very inconvenient due to the need to store a large supply of firewood. If you use a wood-burning boiler, much less fuel is required.

Most often, a fairly simple and at the same time very effective two-pipe heating system with natural coolant circulation is used. It allows you to heat your house with high quality without using additional equipment - electric circulation pumps. The reason for the popularity of this heating system for private houses is explained by the fact that there are frequent cases of power outages - and in this case (without electricity), the system simply will not be able to work.

All that is necessary for the correct and highest quality operation of such a heating system for a private home is strict adherence to the rules during its installation and a supply of fuel.

One of the main requirements, which is extremely important to comply with for the further operation of the system, is to create the maximum possible difference in height between the outlet of the system and the highest point of the system. That is why the most rational option is to locate the boiler with a pipe in the basement. If there is no basement, the boiler is installed in a recess on the ground floor. No less important is the creation of a slope for the return line. It is performed horizontally, starting from the first radiator of the system.

In a heating system of this type, there is one more mandatory element - an expansion tank. It is used to create maximum pressure in the system, which is extremely important for normal circulation. The operation of the tank is based on the usual gravitational principle. It should be placed as high as possible - the ideal place would be the attic. It is the height of the location, and not the amount of liquid in the tank, that determines the pressure.

The tank should have a medium volume. After all, its additional function is the ability to control the coolant level, which, if necessary, can simply be drained from the tank.

It should be remembered that such heating systems for a private home can only operate correctly if the coolant is water. A system with this principle of operation of the expansion tank is called open.

Closed systems are those in which the expansion tank is in no way connected to the outside world. That is, it does not have the ability to pump out coolant. In such a system it is customary to use a compensation tank. This is a small container, the internal cavity of which is divided into two parts by a flexible membrane. One of the parts is filled with coolant. The pressure in the system is regulated by bending the membrane in one direction or another. Since the system is closed, this allows the use of antifreeze as a coolant.

Pipes for heating system

For a long time, exclusively steel pipes were used to create the heating system. This was quite inconvenient, since installation took a long time, and rough seams subsequently greatly spoiled the visual perception of the system and the types of heating of private houses.

Fortunately, today it is possible to install a heating system of any complexity using metal-plastic pipes. They are thinner and more flexible. Their surface is made of special heat-resistant plastic, and the inside is made of a thin layer of aluminum. There are a huge number of additional elements on the market for metal-plastic pipes - corners, connections, taps. They allow you to both connect pipes to each other and connect a different type of pipe to them.

Since today there are quite a large number of types of metal-plastic pipes, special attention should be paid to the markings when choosing them. Pipes intended for heating systems are marked with the symbols “PE-RT-AL-PE-RT”.

The advantage of metal-plastic pipes is that they are quite easy to work with. Quite flexible and lightweight, they can be cut with a regular hacksaw or metal scissors.

To ensure that heating methods for a private home are as airtight as possible, all components should be carefully installed. In this case, it is rational to use press fittings - they perfectly preserve the integrity of the pipe.

What should you do first?

So, you have decided to create a high-quality and reliable heating system in your home that works with liquid coolant. The first thing that needs to be done when planning any type of heating systems for a private home is to create a detailed plan, a diagram of the future system. It should indicate: the location and level of the boiler, the duration of the pipeline, the placement of radiators and all additional components of the system, up to Mayevsky taps. After this, you should determine what kind of boiler power you need. After all, a weaker one will not be able to create the required level and rate of heating. And it is simply irrational to use a stronger one - after all, it will only work at half its power.

Quite often, homemade heating boilers are used when creating a heating system. They have a lower cost, but it is impossible to determine their exact power.

If you decide to supplement the types of heating systems in a private home with just such a boiler, then you should simply calculate the maximum volume of coolant that this boiler can hold. To do this, simply divide the volume of the room (or the total volume of the premises) that will be heated by 1000. That is, the volume of a room of 100 m2 is equal to 300 m3. We divide this indicator by 1000 and get 300. Accordingly, this is the amount of coolant that a homemade boiler should contain.

It should be noted that the size of the boiler directly depends on its power. That is, the higher the power, the larger the boiler. Of course, before creating a heating system plan, you should find an ideal place where the boiler installed will not disturb anyone. In this case, the level of the boiler’s location should be taken into account - it should be the lowest point of the system. The ideal solution is to locate the boiler in the basement. If your house does not have a basement, take care of a convenient niche in the floor. It is advisable that the boiler be located in a separate room, access to which can be limited for security reasons.

It is important to understand that certain types of boilers (gas, electric boilers) require special placement conditions. If you don’t know anything about them, be sure to contact specialists for advice before installing the system.

What to consider

When installing the main line, you should take pipes whose diameter is twice as large as the pipes that will supply the coolant directly to the radiator. This rule applies to both supply and return pipes. When installing the pipeline, the pipes must be secured with special rings - this way you can get rid of sagging.

Even if the system consists of metal-plastic pipes, the vertical riser running from the heating boiler to the expansion tank must be made of steel pipe. If there is no tank, the first few meters of the pipe should be made of steel. When connecting a membrane expansion tank, you can use a pipe of smaller diameter.

This is because the intense heat rising from the boiler can damage the plastic part of the pipe. It is better that the metal-plastic pipe is located only in a heated room.

If possible, you can lay two heating circuits, each of which, in turn, will consist of supply and return pipes. Such heating options for a private home are undoubtedly more expensive. However, if repairs become necessary, one of the circuits can be closed.

Air bleed valves must be installed on each radiator, as well as on the coolant supply and return lines.

Its excessive accumulation in the system can cause serious damage. The installation of radiators should be carried out in compliance with one condition - the side from which the return pipe exits should be located slightly lower - this is necessary in systems with natural coolant circulation.

When using a homemade heating boiler, it should be taken into account that the direct line pipe should be located as high as possible. This will avoid destructive water hammer. The heating boiler should be installed with a slope of 5 mm, which should be made towards the return line.

Rules for operating the heating system

When the installation of the system is completely completed, it should be filled with coolant. In this case, all valves that are used to bleed air must be open. After the heating systems of a private home are filled with coolant, the boiler should be lit using a small amount of fuel. This makes it possible to check the uniform heating of the system - there should be no excessively hot or cold areas (in this case, open the radiator valve and drain the water until hot water comes out).

There should be no extraneous sounds when heating in the boiler. Minor leakage of coolant in the area of threaded connections is allowed.

After several test runs, the threaded connection stops letting water through. Then you can start heating the boiler at full power.

Boiler power is a very important indicator that must be selected correctly. If the power is higher, there is a possibility of the boiler boiling, which, in turn, can lead to the most dire consequences not only for the heating system, but also for the entire house. If the boiler power is too low, this affects the return temperature level - it does not exceed 40 degrees.

Properly installed working heating methods for a private home should not produce any extraneous sounds. In addition, the temperature difference between the supplied coolant and the return does not exceed 40 degrees. A video on how to install the system can be viewed below.

– starting from solid fuel boilers for home heating and ending with heat pumps. Most homeowners believe that heating a house with a gas boiler is beneficial, but FORUMHOUSE users know that under certain conditions this is far from the most optimal solution.

Due to the constant rise in energy prices and the high cost of connection, many developers are concerned about the following issues.

Is there an alternative to main gas;
What features may different heating systems have?
How to calculate the price of a particular type of fuel;
Is it profitable to use solid fuel heating systems?
How to heat your house with electricity and not go broke;
Can a home heat pump replace traditional heating systems.

And experts and users of our forum will help you find answers to these questions!

Basic criteria for choosing a heating system

Construction experience suggests that autonomous heating of a private home is selected taking into account many factors: the degree of availability of a particular type of fuel, expected monthly heating costs, climatic conditions of residence and heat loss of the building.

Heating a house in a temperate climate is one task, and completely different requirements are placed on the heating system in regions with an even colder climate than in Moscow and a heating season of many months.

The efficiency of a home heating system depends not onlyon the thermal characteristics of the fuel and the efficiency of the boiler, but also on the design features of the house and the degree of its heat loss.

A poorly insulated home will negate the work of the most highly efficient heating system!

Therefore, the choice of heating system and boiler equipment must begin at the design stage of your future home. Any experienced developer will agree with the statement that there are no trifles here, and any mistake or omission can lead to expensive alterations.

First of all, let's look at .

Alexander KhadynskyHead of heating systems at the company "My Fireplace"

The choice of heating system, first of all, depends on what communications are connected to the house. If the main gas is already connected, then the choice of fuel usually ends there, because At the moment, heating a house using mains gas is recognized as the best solution.

It is also worth considering the convenience of operating the heating system for different modes of residence: daily, weekend, one-time visits. Only after weighing all the pros and cons can you choose the best option.

In the absence of main gas, it is possible to heat a house using a so-called gas holder - a sealed container buried on the site and requiring periodic refueling.

The advantages of liquefied gas, as well as main gas, are clean exhaust, the ability to install compact chimneys and small boilers for heating the home.

Despite all the advantages, this autonomous home heating system has a number of disadvantages.

Anatoly Gurin General Director of the company "DoM Engineering Systems"

The main disadvantages of a gas tank include: expensive installation, inconvenient refueling, obtaining permits, and the need for periodic maintenance by highly qualified personnel. In addition, the gas tank takes up a lot of space on the site.

Igor Larin Head of Boiler Equipment Department, WIRBEL

The choice of fuel, and therefore boiler equipment, depends on the degree of its availability in a particular region. If the house has mains natural gas, then the choice is obvious in its favor; if not, then it is necessary to evaluate the cost and availability of other types of heating fuel in the area, and install the equipment based on this.

How to replace gas

The advantages of gas are well known, but all of them are offset by the extremely high price of its supply. Let's consider the alternatives.

Liquid fuel

Diesel heating – requires the installation of expensive and complex equipment.

It is necessary to find a place to install a container for fuel. Diesel fuel has a peculiar and not pleasant smell for everyone. Also, due to the constant rise in prices for hydrocarbon fuels, heating with diesel fuel is one of the most expensive ways to heat a home. Among the main advantages for this type of home heating are the high degree of automation of the boiler operation and the ubiquity of diesel fuel.

Electricity

Electric boilers are easy to use, environmentally friendly, safe and silent.

Alexander Khadynsky

However, with low initial costs for purchasing equipment, heating with electricity is very expensive, and if there is a power outage, you can be left without heating and without hot water. Also, an electric boiler for heating a house will need to be installed with separate wiring, and if its power exceeds 9 kW, a three-phase network of 380 V will be required.

In addition to electric boilers, there are heating devices such as electric convectors and infrared emitters.

The advantages of heating with electric convectors and infrared emitters include minimal initial costs and ease of installation of the equipment. You do not have to arrange a boiler room or install heating pipes. It would seem that you took the device out of the box, plugged it in and use it. But, as practice shows, not everything is so simple.

Oleg Dunaev Civil Engineer

A well-insulated house can be successfully heated with an electric convector only if there is sufficient electrical power.

high equipment efficiency;
ease of installation;
presentable appearance;
safety of use;
Possibility of programming energy-saving modes.

The disadvantages include:

additional costs for high-quality wiring;
increased requirements for the quality of power supply elements.

Unlike an electric boiler, installing a convector or any model of IR emitter does not require the laying of pipes and the presence of coolant, as a result, ineffective energy costs for heating water (coolant), the boiler and pipes are reduced, and heat loss is reduced.

Here are the main criteria for choosing such a heating system.

Oleg Dunaev :

– We choose this: the power of one convector is up to 1.5 kW (more - the plugs melt and the relay contacts burn out).

The programmer has its own power supply (the settings are saved when the power is turned off). For 10 sq.m. area requires approximately 1 kW of convector power.

Electricity – 380V, 3 phases, permitted power – minimum 15 kW. Wiring cross-section – 3x2.5 sq. mm. We lay dedicated converter lines and connect no more than three convectors to one line.

It is best to hang a wall-mounted electric convector under a window about 15 cm from the floor.

Electric heating is one of the most expensive ways to heat a home. It would seem that cheap heating with electricity is a myth. However, a user of our forum Alexander Fedortsov(nickname on the forum Skeptic ) using his own example refutes this statement.

Skeptic Forumhouse user

I independently built a well-insulated frame house on a USHP foundation. First, according to the project for heating a house with an area of 186 sq.m. a solid fuel boiler was assumed. After thinking a little, I decided that I didn’t want to become a fireman at all, but rather use the night tariff and heat water in a reliable homemade heat accumulator with a volume of 1.7 cubic meters.

Water heated overnight by electric heating elements to 50 C, allows you to successfully heat a house in the winter months with a water heated floor system. You can monitor the temperature using a homemade regulator.

Alexander Fedortsov

I placed the floor heating unit in the boiler room on a sheet of 35-density foam plastic with a thickness of 10 cm. The heat accumulator is well insulated - 20 cm of stone wool on the tank lid, on the walls - 15 cm. I can say that heating costs for December amounted to 1.5 thousand . rubles. In January, they earned no more than 2 thousand rubles.T

Solid fuel

Firewood, coal, fuel briquettes.

Alexander Khadynsky

A solid fuel boiler (coal, wood) requires constant attention, practically turning its owner into a fireman. Such structures can be used in places where neither gas nor electricity are supplied. They are the most accessible and inexpensive. When using solid fuel boilers, it is especially important to observe fire safety measures.

Igor Larin

The degree of autonomy of solid fuel boilers can be increased by using a buffer tank - a heat accumulator - in the system. Thanks to the TA, heat accumulates and the number of loads in the boiler decreases.

On average, the operating time of a solid fuel boiler on one fill is a minimum of 3 hours, a maximum of 12 hours or more. The thermostat controls the air supply to the combustion chamber, and overheating protection is provided by a special valve and overheat protection heat exchanger.

When using solid fuel, there is no need to communicate with supply companies and obtain permits for installing the boiler. Everything is regulated by SNiPs, which must be adhered to when installing heating equipment. Manufacturers' fire safety recommendations should also be followed.

As a backup heating system in case of a power outage, it makes sense to install a multi-fuel boiler or combine several heating devices.

Alexander Khadynsky

An additional boiler is often used to increase the degree of automation of a solid fuel boiler; an electric boiler or fireplace with a water circuit is connected to the circuit.

Autonomous heating in a private house through combined boiler rooms is an expensive option. These types of boilers combine three types of boilers - solid fuel, electric with a gas or diesel burner and are the most expensive of household boilers. In the event of a power outage, it is better to connect an uninterruptible power supply, which will allow the equipment to continue operating for up to 48 hours during a power outage.

Igor Larin

It is possible and even necessary to combine different devices for heating a room, especially in regions where fuel shortages are possible.

Practical systems are those that combine solid fuel boilers with wood-burning fireplaces, that is, the system includes an additional heat generator (fireplace) that maintains or accelerates the heating of the system.

The benefit of using multi-fuel boilers is the ability to combine two types of fuel in one equipment. In a boiler with two fireboxes, you can burn solid fuel (wood, coal, briquettes) in one, and install a burner (diesel or pellet) in the other. Thus, the homeowner, depending on the situation, can choose the type of heating that is convenient for him.

Anatoly Gurin :

– The undoubted advantages of pellet heating include: autonomy, its low cost compared to electricity and diesel fuel with propane. Among the disadvantages, it can be noted that it is necessary to find a place to store pellets.

And low-quality pellets due to incomplete combustion reduce the efficiency of the boiler.

The boiler itself requires weekly attention, because... it is necessary to clean the burner and add pellets.

The continuous operation time of the boiler can be significantly increased by installing an additional pellet hopper.

In recent years, they have become increasingly popular alternative heating systems houses built on the basis heat pump etc. (see diagram).

Anatoly Gurin :

–The principle of operation is simple: a heat pump transfers warm air from the street into the house. The easiest way to think of a heat pump is like a refrigerator: the freezer is in the ground, and the radiator is in the house.

Experience in using such a heating system shows that by spending only 1 kW of electricity, we receive 5 kW of heat.

Despite the fact that such a heating system has been known for decades, many are stopped by the high initial costs required for its installation.

A heating system is a long-term investment in your home, and lower initial costs are offset later by high fuel and boiler room maintenance fees.

Benefits of using a heat pump:

low, 5 times less than when heating a house with electricity;
when air circulates from the street into the house, there are no exhaust emissions;
the system does not require maintenance;
autonomy: the heat pump requires only electricity, and in the event of a power outage, the heat pump can easily be powered from a gas generator.

How to understand what is more profitable to heat a house

The price of heating consists of the cost of fuel. There is no universal fuel that is equally suitable for every region or home. Therefore, it is necessary to make calculations based on the specific situation.

Igor Larin

When choosing fuel, you cannot be guided only by short-term benefits; you must focus on the long term.

There is no gas and there never will be, but there are wood processing enterprises around, and accordingly, pellet manufacturers will appear (or already exist). In this case, an effective solution would be to install a solid fuel boiler, which can later be converted into a pellet one (by installing a pellet burner in the lower door).

A situation may also arise when gas must be supplied in 1-2 years. During this time, you can install a solid fuel boiler and then install a gas burner in it.

Anatoly Gurin

You need to choose the cheapest fuel in the region. It will be most profitable for them to heat the house. For an objective calculation, it is best to create a summary table that displays the types of available heat sources, their costs during construction, operating costs and service life.

In the long term, it is important to take into account such a factor as the convenience of using the heat source. Experience shows that no matter how cheap the fuel is, its low price can be overshadowed by the minimum degree of autonomy of the boiler and the increased degree of attention to the operation of this equipment.

Alexander Khadynsky

It is necessary to conduct a brief analysis of the most likely methods of heating with one or another type of fuel.

Knowing the power of the boiler, you can calculate the cost of heating costs per month. Approximate calculation - 1 kW is needed to heat 10 sq.m. (provided that the distance from the floor to the ceiling is up to - 3 m), you additionally need to take a reserve of 15-20% necessary for preparing hot water.

On average, boiler equipment operates about 10 hours a day. The heating season in central Russia lasts 7-8 months a year, the rest of the time the boiler works to prepare hot water and maintain a minimum temperature of +8C in the house.

Total:

Electricity: To obtain thermal energy of 1 kW/hour, approximately 1 kW/hour of electricity is consumed.

Solid fuel: To obtain 1 kW/hour of thermal energy, approximately 0.4 kg/hour of firewood is consumed.

Diesel fuel: To obtain 1 kW/hour of thermal energy, approximately 0.1 liter of diesel fuel is consumed.

Gas: To obtain thermal energy of 1 kW/hour, approximately 0.1 kg of liquefied gas is consumed.

In the long term, it is necessary to take into account the increase in fuel prices, based on the trends of recent years, and the payback period for the initial investment.

Thus, the choice of a heating system consists of a whole range of measures and engineering solutions that require a balanced approach and careful analysis of each specific situation.

Watch videos about the unusual layout of the heating system and how to independently organize efficient and cheap heating with electricity in your home.

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There are different types of heating systems for a private home. But all of them can be divided into three types: air, electric and water. Each of them is divided into several types depending on the heater, energy source, and method of coolant supply.

All types of heating systems for a private home have their own characteristics, so before choosing one of them, you need to carefully familiarize yourself with their features. You can see what modern heating systems look like in the photo.

Air heating in a private house

This type includes gas and electric convectors and various types of ovens. There is no coolant in these devices, and the air in the room is heated directly from them.

These types of heating systems warm the room through air convection. This happens as follows: cold currents, passing through the blinds and hot plates of the device, heat up and penetrate into the room. The devices may have a fan that forces air into the room and quickly warms up the room.

Gas convectors have similar functions, but their operation requires a gas pipe and chimney to remove combustion products. Devices created using new technologies make it possible not only to heat a house, but also to heat water for domestic needs (more details: " "). There are no electrical devices of this type among air heaters.

Stoves are still very popular. Moreover, modern devices have high efficiency. For example, the Buleryan stove has an efficiency of 95%, and, depending on the modification, is capable of heating a house with an area of 100-1000 square meters. Such devices operate on wood; one load of fuel is enough for 7-10 hours (read: "").

The furnace body is surrounded by pipes covered with a casing. The surface of the device does not heat up much, but the air coming out of the pipes reaches a temperature of 160 degrees. Such stoves are very convenient for heating private houses and country houses, where people visit infrequently, as they allow you to quickly heat the air. At the same time, they do not depend on an energy source other than firewood.

Water heating systems

Despite the fact that there are other types of heating systems that are in many ways more convenient, water ones are still one of the most common in the city. Moreover, they are used both in multi-storey buildings and in private sector houses.

For wiring, pipes made of copper, steel, polypropylene, and plastic are used. Sometimes several materials are combined to increase efficiency or improve ease of installation. There are different types of heating in a private house, based on pipe routing. Boilers and radiators, as well as “warm floor” systems are used as the main device.

The main part of the water heating system is a boiler (gas, solid fuel, liquid fuel), stove, electric heater (electrode or heating element). The modification of these devices varies. There are multi-fuel and universal models that can use different types of fuel, for example, gas and diesel or wood and gas.

Recently, a new type of electric heaters has appeared - electrode. In this type of heating system there is no heat exchanger, and the liquid is heated by the movement of electrons at a speed of 50 Hz, which is 50 cycles per second. Such devices can operate without forced circulation, and if necessary, they can be combined with boilers of another type, or installed in one system parallel to each other.

Water circuits can be single-pipe or double-pipe. In two-pipe systems, the coolant is supplied to the heating devices through one pipe and returned through the other. In this case, the water temperature does not depend on the number of radiators and only decreases slightly when passing through the pipe, which has virtually no effect on the heating efficiency. In such systems, water supply can be forced or natural.

The efficiency of a single-pipe system depends on the number of radiators, since the coolant is cooled when passing through the pipe, and when it enters other batteries it already has a lower temperature. If the water supply in a single-pipe circuit is arbitrary, then it is better to install no more than three radiators. When using a circulation pump, there should be no more than five batteries per pipe.

Water types of heating of a private house differ in appearance and the material used to make the radiators. They are sectional, columnar and panel. As for the material, radiators can be made of steel, cast iron, aluminum, bimetal. Cast iron batteries are not recommended for use in, since a large amount of coolant is spent on their lower part, and as a result, the consumption of the energy source increases. Heating devices of this type can have bottom and side connections.

Depending on what material the batteries are made of, they have their own characteristics. If you have any doubts about choosing a particular radiator, it is better to choose bimetallic products - they are durable, heat up quickly and just as quickly release heat to the room.

Considering what types of heating there are, one cannot help but pay attention to “warm floor” systems. The water system is laid in a snake or spiral, using metal-plastic or polyethylene pipes. The efficiency of these two materials is almost the same, but metal-plastic is more convenient to install and costs less. After laying the pipes, a concrete screed is poured, and a floor covering, usually ceramic tiles, is installed on top.

Types of electric heating

Air and water types of heating systems for buildings are cheaper than electric ones. Most heaters consume a considerable amount of electricity, so they are generally not used as the main source of heat.

Among electrical devices, “warm floor” systems are quite popular. In this case, an infrared film is laid, on top of which the floor covering is mounted. Carpets should not be laid over infrared film, and it should not be placed in places where furniture is located. But “warm floor” systems are not able to effectively heat rooms; they are mainly used as an additional source of heat.

Currently, there are various types of heating schemes, each of which has its own advantages and disadvantages. When choosing a suitable option, you need to take into account a lot of factors: area of the house, financial capabilities, quality of building insulation, availability of energy sources.

In such systems Heat is transferred by heated water. It is heated in a boiler room, in a furnace or boiler. From here it goes into pipes and radiators, which heat up and radiate heat into the rooms.

It is possible to heat a house without radiators. A similar method is used in small private houses. In this case The pipes play the role of the emitter.

Another option for water heating without batteries is water heated floor. In this system, water pipes are concreted into the floor. The heat from their radiation is accumulated in the concrete screed, which radiates it into the surrounding space.

In a heated floor system, water does not move well on its own, which is due to the horizontal arrangement of the pipes. Therefore, they build into the system circulation pump.

Important! Water heating can be highly efficient or uneven. It depends on the pipe laying pattern. Uniform heating of all rooms is achieved with a collector circuit. Less uniform heating occurs with one-pipe and two-pipe schemes, when water moves from one room to another sequentially.

System advantages water heating:

The heating device can operate on any energy source: wood, coal, gas, electricity or accumulated solar energy. You can install several different boilers in the system, operating on different types of fuel.
With the correct arrangement of the heating system, the coolant (water) moves on its own. The exceptions are water-heated floors and oil-based liquid systems. In oil systems, the coolant has low fluidity rates, so it moves slowly and also requires the operation of a circulation pump.

If there is no heating, the water in the pipes may get cold and freeze. This will require further dismantling, disassembling pipes and batteries. If the house is not intended for permanent residence, it is necessary to drain the water or fill the system with a special antifreeze liquid, technical oil.

Air

This is one of the old ways of heating a house in which heat from the heated oven is used. The walls and air ducts of the furnace heat up when wood and coal burn inside. After which the heat enters the surrounding space.

The main heating is carried out through furnace air passages - air ducts. They are laid in the central internal wall of the room.

When laying a chimney in the floor of the room and placing the stove in the basement, you can get heated floor construction using coal or wood. Another option is to build into the oven to heat the walls and air ducts. gas injectors. Thus, air heating can also operate on various energy sources, solid and gaseous fuels.

Advantages of air heating:

Various types of energy carriers are used: firewood, coal, pellets, lumber waste.
The oven can be made of clay and bricks. Thus, air heating is the most inexpensive home heating solution.
This type of heating is suitable for heating systems in seasonal homes: at dachas, in country cottages.

Flaws:

You must be able to “heat” the stove, do not close the chimney damper until the firewood is completely burned out, so as not to cause carbon monoxide accumulation and poisoning.
The stove must be melted, cleared of ash, and loaded with firewood.- this is required daily from 1-2 hours. An exception to the rule is long-burning solid fuel boilers; a lot of firewood is placed in their loading chamber. They also have higher operating efficiency due to complete combustion of fuel.

Gas

This is home heating using energy from gas combustion. The device in which gas burns is called a gas boiler.

Advantages:

Possibility of automatic operation- the house will be heated without spending time on cleaning the stove every day.
Relative availability— gas is cheaper than electricity.

Flaws:

To connect gas supply required.
For installation of a gas boiler you need a separate room.
Periodic system checks are required to detect possible gas leaks.

Electrical

One of the most expensive options for heating a home. In him metal heating energy is used, which is formed in wires when electric current passes through them. The generated heat can be accumulated by a concrete screed, such a heating system is called electric heated floors, or accumulated by a liquid coolant, such heating is called electric water heating.

Another option - installation of electric heaters. These are devices that generate heat.

Photo 1. Electric heater installed on the wall. The device is connected to the outlet.

Advantages of electric heating:

Possibility of periodic operation and use in seasonal homes. At the same time, the electric floors quickly warm up, the room becomes warmer in 1-2 hours.

Flaws:

Expensive.
To connect an electric boiler at home it is necessary to make a new power supply project, sometimes - replace the wires along the street.
In many villages and multi-storey buildings electrical wires are not designed for heavy loads. Therefore, with a large number of connections, the power supply system fails.

Infrared film floor

Infrared floor - one of the electric heating options. It works from a wall outlet. Film flooring is produced in the form of laminated panels, inside of which heater strips are built. Carbon plates are soldered inside the strips, which emit an infrared spectrum when electricity passes through. Radiation from carbon elements heats objects indoors.

Photo 2. The process of installing an infrared floor. Laminate, parquet or linoleum is laid on top of it.

Advantages of film flooring:

Convenience and ease of installation.
No floor level rise, as when installing water or electric heated floors inside a concrete screed.
Fast heating.
If necessary The heating system can be dismantled and install it in another room.

Gas, air, water and even electric heating have long become the norm. However, there are innovative methods that few in Russia have heard of. This heat pumps and solar collectors.

Heat pump and geothermal installations - the best in terms of environmental friendliness

Heat pumps are one of the most environmentally friendly types of heating systems. They are used to heat houses use the energy of natural reservoirs, lowering their temperature by several degrees and at the same time taking away some heat. This is how heat pumps accumulate thermal energy, which is then used to heat the house.

Heat pumps are divided into:

To geothermal— work on the energy of groundwater or take heat from the ground.
By air- take heat from the atmosphere.
For secondary heat pumps- treat sewage.

The main advantage of heat pumps is their environmental friendliness. They do not create smoke, soot, do not emit carbon monoxide, and do not harm nature or humans. Their disadvantage is high price.

Solar collectors - a modern heating option

Another type of heating that could be considered environmentally friendly if it were not for the batteries used with lead and electrolyte. Here is the energy to heat the house obtained through solar panels. These elements are installed on the roofs of buildings. When illuminated, they generate electrical energy, which is fed into the heating system. In essence, the solar collector is one of the types of electric heating at home.

One of the main advantages of solar heating was considered to be heating a home without the cost. However, this is not entirely true. During operation, there is no need to spend money on gas, firewood, or electricity. But the system itself and its installation require significant financial investments.

Photo 3. Solar collectors installed on the roof of the house. The devices should be at an angle to best catch the sun's rays.

In addition, solar collectors and heating system elements are not eternal. They require periodic replacement and costs comparable to paying for electric heating at home.

Combined heating: advantages and disadvantages, is it effective?

Combined heating means use of several heating boilers and different types of energy carriers in one circuit. Thus, the water in water heating radiators can be heated by a gas, coal or electric boiler.

The electric heating circuit of the house can be connected to a common system and additionally fed by solar collectors. This combination of different heat sources allows you to make autonomous heating of a private home uninterrupted

What types of heating systems are better?

To choose the right heating for a private residential building, various factors must be taken into account: the cost of its arrangement, the reliability of operation of a particular heating system.

The best choice is a combined system, capable of heating a house from several different heat sources.

Selecting a heating system determined by the availability of energy resources. Any system can be installed in a private home. In multi-storey buildings, a central heating system is often used, and, if necessary, additional electrical appliances are installed.