Reinforced concrete panels have found widespread use in the construction of industrial facilities, public buildings and residential buildings. At one time, more than half a century ago, their appearance in our country became a revolutionary breakthrough in mass housing construction, which made it possible to increase the pace of building construction tenfold.

Since then, construction technologies have come a long way. High demands are placed on modern precast concrete wall panels. They must be high-strength, durable, environmentally friendly, and thermally efficient.

What is reinforced concrete

Reinforced concrete is a monolith made of concrete and metal reinforcement. Reinforced concrete structures have been used in construction for a long time, but were widely used in the 20th century. The combination and interaction of such different materials has proven to be very effective: concrete firmly adheres to metal reinforcement, reliably protecting it from corrosion. Steel and concrete successfully complement each other in terms of resistance to various types of load.

Concrete is more durable in compression; steel, on the contrary, has high tensile strength. A big disadvantage of reinforced concrete products is their high density, but this problem is being solved in modern conditions through the use of cellular concrete and light concrete mixtures with the addition of artificial or natural porous aggregates.

Structures made of reinforced concrete are fire resistant and durable. They do not require any protective measures against adverse atmospheric influences. The reinforcement inside the concrete does not corrode, and the concrete itself becomes even stronger over time. Reinforced concrete is characterized by high load-bearing capacity and resistance to static and dynamic loads. Reinforced concrete products are suitable for creating structures and structures of a wide variety of shapes and help achieve expressiveness of architectural solutions.

The main volume of reinforced concrete is occupied by common building materials - sand, crushed stone, gravel. The use of ready-made reinforced concrete products allows for high rates of construction of residential buildings and industrial facilities.

What types of reinforced concrete products are there?

Reinforced concrete products are divided into:

By reinforcement:

• pre-stressed;
• reinforced in the usual way.

By density and class of concrete:

• especially heavy, density from 2500 kg/m3;
• heavy, density - 1800-2500kg/m3;
• light, density up to 1800 kg/m3;
• especially light, density - 700 kg/m3.

According to the composition of the binder component:

• cement-concrete;
• silicate concrete;
• gypsum concrete.

By structure:

• solid;
• hollow;
• one type of concrete;
• different types of concrete.

By purpose

• for public and residential buildings;
• for industrial facilities;
• for engineering structures.

How are concrete products produced?

The production of reinforced concrete products and parts for construction work is carried out industrially at specialized enterprises.

Precast concrete factories, as a rule, produce products intended for the construction of residential buildings and industrial facilities. These are floor slabs, partitions, wall panels, foundation blocks, trusses, flights of stairs, columns. Individual factories produce sleepers, mine supports and other reinforced concrete products for special purposes. Each product has its own technology and reinforcement system. For example, in the production of floor slabs and lintels, prestressed reinforced concrete is used.

What are the methods for manufacturing reinforced concrete products?

Bench method

Designed for the manufacture of large-sized products.

Precast concrete products are prepared in fixed forms. Special mechanisms, concrete pavers and vibrators, one after another approach the stand to carry out technological operations.

Cassette method

It is a modification of the bench method. Precast concrete products are molded in stationary cassettes containing several metal mold compartments. A reinforcement cage is placed in the molds and filled with concrete. Heat treatment is carried out by contact through the walls of the molds. After heating, the walls of the molds are removed, and the reinforced concrete products are removed using an overhead crane. The cassette method is used for the production of flat reinforced concrete products: floor panels and walls.

Flow-aggregate method

Forms with reinforced concrete products move along the technological chain from one unit to another. Heat and wet processing occurs continuously.

Vibration rolling method

The entire technological cycle is carried out on one continuous production unit - a vibratory rolling mill. The vibro-rolling mill is a conveyor forming belt made of rubber-coated steel. The belt moves along technological posts, where the following is carried out: laying the reinforcement frame and concrete mixture, vibration compaction of concrete, contact heat treatment. This is how floor slabs, external wall reinforced concrete panels from lightweight concrete mix, and partition panels are made.

Technical requirements for reinforced concrete products

A number of technical requirements are imposed on reinforced concrete structures in general and wall panels in particular:

1. Precise dimensions and geometric shapes. Optimal design of components and connections. Exact location of embedded elements.
2. Correspondence of the weight and dimensions of prefabricated reinforced concrete structures to the operational capabilities of lifting and transport vehicles.
3. Dimensions of reinforced concrete structures are within the tolerances and deviations established by GOST 130-15.4-84.
4. The dimensions of the embedded elements correspond to the design values ​​with an error of no more than ±5 mm.
5. The permissible displacement of the axes of embedded elements for columns, beams and trusses is no more than 5 mm, for other reinforced concrete products - no more than 10 mm.
6. The location of embedded parts flush with the surface of reinforced concrete products or higher is no more than 3 mm.
7. High-quality processing of products and no need for additional finishing.

How to transport and store reinforced concrete products

Transportation of concrete products is usually carried out by trucks. Large-sized concrete products are transported on special vehicles. Wall panels are delivered on panel trucks. Concrete products are unloaded using a crane. Storage of reinforced concrete products is carried out in accordance with the requirements of GOST and TU. Reinforced concrete products are stacked with mounting loops facing up. Their position must correspond to the installation conditions during construction work. During transportation and storage, damage to the reinforced concrete products is possible.

Therefore, it is important to follow the rules for storing concrete products, even if construction is planned in the coming days. The storage area must have a flat surface. Contact of reinforced concrete products with the ground should be avoided. If there is no canopy, use covering material. Wooden blocks are placed between the floor slabs to reduce stress.

Wall reinforced concrete panels

Large panel prefabricated buildings were developed to speed up the pace of construction. Wall panels are used for the construction of external walls of residential, public and industrial buildings.

The wide demand in construction is explained by the main characteristics of precast concrete wall panels:

• high strength;
• load bearing capacity;
• good thermal insulation;
• fire resistance;
• resistance to temperature changes.

Prefabricated concrete wall panels are produced industrially. They are made of concrete reinforced with steel mesh or reinforcing cage.

For the insulated version of internal and external wall reinforced concrete panels, thermal insulation materials are used.

Reinforced concrete panels are used for the construction of plinths, technical undergrounds, above-ground floors and attics.

Wall panels are the most complex element of building structures. This is explained by a set of various technical and functional requirements: load resistance, high thermal protection and sound insulation, architectural design.

Wall reinforced concrete panels have various standard sizes approved by GOST. Precast concrete wall panels are fire resistant and highly durable.

Types of large-panel construction

Large-panel construction is divided into two categories: frameless and frame. This division depends on the type of wall panels: load-bearing and enclosing or only enclosing. In frameless-panel buildings, the load of the floors falls on the wall panels. In frame-panel structures, the load-bearing function is performed by the frames, and the wall panels serve for heat and sound insulation.

Wall panels are used for the construction of external and internal walls. External panels come in two types: single-layered from lightweight or cellular concrete and layered from heavy concrete with a heat insulator. Single-layer wall reinforced concrete panels have become widespread in residential construction.

On the outside, the wall panels are covered with decorative mortar, concrete, weather-resistant compound or ceramic tiles. The inner surface of the wall reinforced concrete panels is leveled and prepared for painting or wallpapering.

Door and window blocks are placed in the openings of the wall panels. The height of the wall reinforced concrete panels is equal to the height of the floor, the width is designed for 1-2 rooms - 3000-7200 mm, thickness - 200-350 mm. The dimensions of the interior wall panels correspond to the perimeter of the room. The thickness of the internal wall panels is 30-160 mm.

Classification of wall reinforced concrete panels

There are different classifications of wall reinforced concrete panels depending on the principle taken as a basis: typical features, functional purpose in the building, composition and structure.

By design

Panels are divided into solid and composite. The number of layers varies from one - single-layer panels, to several - three or two-layer panels. Laminated wall panels can be monolithic or with air gaps.

• Single-layer wall panels are made from homogeneous materials with low thermal conductivity. The thickness of the outer side is 20-40 mm. The inside of the panel is covered with decorative finishing.
• Double-layer panels have a solid structure and consist of a load-bearing and heat-insulating layers. As a rule, the load-bearing layer is made of dense reinforced concrete and is the inner side during installation. At the same time, it performs a vapor barrier function. The second layer, heat-protective, is located outside and covered with cement mortar.
• Three-layer wall panels are assembled from two reinforced concrete slabs with insulation between them. The reinforced concrete layers are connected by welded reinforcement cages.

According to bearing capacity

1. Bearers.
2. Mounted.
3. Self-supporting.

By intended use

Wall panels are used for the installation of multi-storey buildings, basement floors, underground spaces for communication systems, and attic spaces.

Characteristics of various types of concrete wall panels

External wall reinforced concrete panels

Height from the floor and length up to 6 m. Designed for the construction of fully prefabricated heated buildings. Composition: light class concrete with porous aggregate, cellular concrete, heavy concrete with a heat-saving layer.

Precast concrete panels for unheated buildings and internal load-bearing walls

Large-size panels as high as a floor and up to 6 m long for the construction of fully prefabricated buildings. Produced from heavy or light concrete mixtures. For external wall panels, heavy concrete is used, starting from class B15, for internal panels - from class B12.5.

Partition panels

Large-size panels as high as a floor and up to 6 m long for the construction of prefabricated buildings. For the manufacture of reinforced concrete partition panels, high-strength concrete or gypsum concrete is used, which is characterized by high frost resistance and water resistance. Panel partitions are reinforced with steel wire meshes or rods made of thermo-mechanically strong steel At-IIIc and A-III. All metal elements are treated with a special anti-corrosion compound.

Single-layer wall panels

For the manufacture of single-layer wall reinforced concrete panels, materials with a homogeneous structure and high thermal insulation are used. For example, lightweight cellular concrete. The outer walls of the panels are covered with a finishing layer 2-4 cm thick to protect against negative environmental factors. Cement plaster and various facing materials are used as finishing materials for interior walls.

Double-layer reinforced concrete wall panels

Double-layer reinforced concrete wall panels most often have a solid structure. The first layer is a load-bearing layer, made of high-density concrete with preliminary reinforcement. The second layer serves for thermal insulation. The thermal insulation layer is located on the outside and covered with cement plaster. The supporting layer faces the inside and additionally performs a vapor barrier function.

Wall reinforced concrete panels with a three-layer structure

The most popular today are three-layer reinforced concrete wall panels.

The three-layer panel structure consists of an external main load-bearing element to which internal wall panels are attached. Thanks to the space between them, heat loss from the building is reduced.

There are various modifications of multilayer panels, which consist of two reinforced concrete slabs and a heat insulator (mineral and stone wool, cement fiberboard, polyurethane, foam silicate).

External and internal wall panels are connected into a single structure using welded steel reinforcement frames. Three-layer reinforced concrete wall panels have standard dimensions and differ in thickness. The thickness of the wall panels is selected taking into account thermal parameters and climatic conditions of the area. This type of panels is made from durable lightweight concrete or heavy concrete with a compressive strength of B12.5 - B15. Reinforcement of the slabs is carried out using welded mesh or volumetric frames made of high-strength steel. All reinforcement and embedded elements are coated with an anti-corrosion compound. The properties of three-layer reinforced concrete panels are strictly regulated by the requirements and standards of GOST 31310-2005, GOST 13015-2003.

Standard size

The main parameters when choosing wall panels made of reinforced concrete are the dimensions indicated in the plan, taking into account the structural diagrams of the building and the floor plan.

The dimensions of the panels, the number and size of openings, technical properties and layer thickness are determined in accordance with the customer’s design documentation.

Reinforced concrete wall panels have different standard sizes, which are regulated by GOST.

The usual dimensions of the panels are the width of a typical room and the height of a floor. External wall panels are equipped with built-in window and door blocks, internal panels are solid or with openings for doors.

The thickness of the panels is 20-30 cm, one square meter of panel is 5-7 times lighter than a standard brick wall of the same area. Factories for the production of prefabricated reinforced concrete produce wall panels for residential construction, designed for 1-2 rooms, and for industrial buildings - 6, 9 and 12 m long. Factory panels are completely ready for installation. For example, panels with window filling and glazing are produced for residential buildings. The thickness of the wall panels depends on the climatic conditions of the region and the thermal parameters of the materials used and is 20-50 cm.

Rules for transporting wall panels

Prefabricated concrete wall panels are produced in factories. They are large in size and require the use of special equipment for delivery to construction sites. They lift, load and unload reinforced concrete panels using special gripping devices or using mounting loops. Precast concrete panels are delivered on panel trucks and railway platforms. Trucks are equipped with special fastening and supporting devices and ensure the immobility and safety of the panels.

Panel carriers are designed to accommodate two panels. The panels are transported in an almost vertical position, at a slight angle, maximum 8-10 degrees. The panels are securely fastened, which prevents them from being damaged or tipping over.

Warehousing and storage of wall panels

The panels are stored in cassettes in a vertical position or with a slight inclination. Each panel is placed on wooden stands 30 mm high. When storing and transporting multilayer panels, supports are placed only under the load-bearing layer. If there are protruding elements at the bottom of the panel, install supports 20 mm greater than their height. Cassettes with panels are placed on flat areas with a solid base.

House made of reinforced concrete panels

It has already become a long-standing tradition to construct various construction projects from structures such as wall reinforced concrete panels, floor slabs, and foundation blocks. Now there is an opportunity to build a house from reinforced concrete materials according to a specially developed project.

Precast concrete wall panels are especially in demand in prefabricated building construction. These are complex structures with high strength, sound insulation, and thermal efficiency. Modern wall panels are produced ready-made, require virtually no additional decorative finishing and give the building a modern architectural style. Based on the design features of the walls, prefabricated construction is divided into two types: large-panel and large-block. In large-block houses, the load-bearing and enclosing function is performed by a wall made of blocks. In large-panel buildings, wall panels serve as the load-bearing and enclosing basis.

Advantages of large-panel construction

1. Fast pace of construction.
2. Long service life of buildings.
3. Resistance of structures to static and dynamic loads.
4. Moisture resistance.
5. Universal use of slabs for the construction of objects for various purposes.

Disadvantages of large-panel construction

1. Heavy weight (eliminates with lightweight aggregates).
2. Lower sound and heat insulation compared to brick houses.
3. The need to use special equipment for transportation and installation.
4. Lack of ability to control the wear of building structures for early detection and elimination of defects.

Houses built from reinforced concrete wall panels have great resistance to static and dynamic loads, as well as resistance to physical, chemical and biological factors.

What are the types of installation of reinforced concrete wall panels?

Despite the rapid development of monolithic construction, reinforced concrete products are still in great demand in the construction market due to their high performance characteristics. Installation of wall panels is carried out in various ways, the choice of which is determined by the principle of assembly, the type of equipment and fixtures, and the design features of the interface between wall and partition panels. Installation of wall reinforced concrete panels is carried out vertically with sealing of seams. Internal finishing work and installation of technical communications are carried out taking into account the high strength of concrete and the presence of a reinforcing device for wall panels.

Free installation

Free installation - installation of panels according to the risks on the floors. With the help of struts and corner clamps, a stable position and temporary fastening of individual panels is ensured.

Fixed installation

Fixed installation (restricted-free) - installation using group equipment. First, the base panels (transverse and longitudinal) are aligned and rigidly fastened together with a permanent connection. Then the following transverse panels are installed. The wall elements are immediately placed in a vertical position.

Lock installation

Self-fixing is a method of installation using locking clamps. The locking method is suitable for panels with fixing parts. In the lower part of the panel they are fastened with pin-type fasteners, and in the upper part - with locking fasteners.

Mounting method "on weight"

External and internal wall panels are installed, then slinged in two to four places, depending on the size of the structure, using flexible slings and various traverses.

Before installing load-bearing wall panels, the marks of the lower edge of the wall panels (installation horizon) are determined and fixed on the floor and a plastic cement mortar is spread.

The installation of external wall panels begins with the panel farthest from the crane, after which the internal walls are installed, and then the panels of the external wall closest to the crane are installed.

After installation in place, the wall panel is aligned freely against the lower base or using clamps (locking method). Next, check the vertical position of the wall panel on the outside.

Complex (group) equipment for installing panels and temporary fastening are verified and prepared. Then the internal panels are installed. After installing the base panels, the following row panels are installed. They are completely fixed after installing adjacent and adjacent longitudinal wall panels. Before installing the next internal wall panel, concrete mortar is spread in its place. After the panels are aligned, the concrete solution is compacted on both sides.

Curtain panels of multi-storey buildings are installed after the construction of load-bearing structures. The position of the prefabricated elements is preliminarily determined according to the project.

Large panels are placed and combined in the transverse direction. Wall panels are adjusted in height. First, the end part of the panel is fixed in height, then the lower edge of the panel is fixed, and after that the vertical position of the panel is controlled.

External wall panels of one-story houses are installed to the entire height of the building. Self-supporting wall panels are placed below on foundation beams on a layer of mortar. In all subsequent rows, the panels are mounted one on top of the other on a layer of concrete mortar.

Marking of wall panels

The brand of wall reinforced concrete panels has an alphanumeric designation with hyphens.

• The first fragment of symbols indicates the type of panel and dimensions: length, height (dm), thickness (cm).
• The second fragment indicates the class (grade) and type of concrete: T - heavy concrete, L - lightweight concrete, I - autoclaved cellular concrete.
• The third fragment of the marking contains additional information about the characteristics of reinforced concrete panels: C - seismic resistance of more than 7 points, M - frost resistance below -40°C. Permeability indicators: N - normal, P - reduced, O - especially low. This part of the marking includes designations of the design features of wall panels: shape; configuration of end zones, presence, type and location of openings; the presence and shape of fines in terms of the junction of adjacent structures, the type and location of reinforcement outlets and embedded products, the presence of reinforcement to reduce the load due to uneven deformation of the base (subsidence, swelling, frozen, peat, bulk soil).

Example: PS 240-300-14

• PS – wall panel;
• 240 – length;
• 300 – height;
• 14 - width.

Price and quality of wall panels

The strength and durability of reinforced concrete wall panels depends on the quality of the source materials, compliance with technological rules and calculations. The grade of concrete for the manufacture of panels is selected according to technical requirements. For the outer layer, 3 types of coating are used: on fresh concrete, on hardened concrete and finishing with tiles.

Reinforced concrete products must comply with GOST and SNiP documents. For fire safety purposes, the fire resistance limit and the spread of flame along the wall are taken into account. It is mandatory to have a quality guarantee for all types of products and services provided.

The dimensions and shape of wall reinforced concrete panels, the number and size of openings, the thickness and arrangement of layers are determined in accordance with the customer’s design documentation. As a rule, manufacturers of reinforced concrete products post price lists and calculators on their websites, with the help of which you can calculate the cost of wall panels, taking into account their dimensions and functional structure. You should also inquire about the cost of transporting reinforced concrete products and loading and unloading operations.

Large-panel technologies are still a promising direction in construction. The use of new materials, compositions and design solutions in the production of precast concrete wall panels allows us to optimize the construction process and ultimately make housing more affordable, comfortable and safe.

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When a person thinks about building his own house, he has to solve two main questions:

• Select material for walls, partitions and ceilings;
• Decide on the layout and number of floors of the house.

Some materials, for example, brick or cinder blocks, allow you to create a house with any arrangement and even configuration of rooms. Others, such as logs or reinforced concrete products, with their dimensions affect both the size of the rooms and their configuration. In this article we will discuss how to build a house from concrete panels. Let us immediately make a reservation that most often such products are reinforced concrete.

Beautiful house made of concrete panels

The choice in favor of a house made of reinforced concrete is influenced by the presence of a reinforced concrete products plant (RCP) or a house-building plant (DSK) near the construction site, which produces parts for individual construction. You can, of course, use standard designs, but this will impose certain restrictions on the layout of the house.

Panels are different

The base of the foundation must be below the freezing level of the soil. It consists of a sand cushion on which reinforced concrete foundation cushions are laid. Foundation blocks (FBS) are mounted on them in a row, so that the surface of the top row is above ground level. Then the foundation is waterproofed, and floor slabs are installed under the floor of the first floor. After this, the construction of the walls of the house begins.

Organization of work

Even before you start designing a house made of concrete panels, you need to think about who and how will deliver them to the construction site, where they will be stored, and how they will be installed. This is especially important if the site is small and there are already buildings nearby. It is necessary to determine the place where the crane will stand, with which the structures will be installed. In the most cramped conditions, it should be positioned so that the boom reach is enough to install the panel on the opposite side of the building.

Reinforced concrete external wall panels are most often made in a single-row cut, i.e. one floor high and one or two rooms long, and in terms of design they are single-layer, two-layer and three-layer (Fig. 3.4 and 3.5). All wall panels are equipped with lifting loops and embedded parts for attaching one panel to another and for connections with other structural elements of buildings.

a) Single-layer reinforced concrete external wall panels

Such panels are made from lightweight structural and thermal insulating concrete on porous aggregates or from autoclaved cellular concrete (Fig. 3.5). On the outside, single-layer panels are covered with a protective and finishing layer of cement mortar 20–25 mm or 50–70 mm thick, and on the inside with a finishing layer 10–15 mm thick, i.e. such panels can be conventionally called “single-layer”. The thickness of the outer protective and finishing layers is determined depending on the natural and climatic conditions of the construction area, and they are made from vapor-permeable decorative mortars or concrete or from ordinary mortars followed by painting. The finishing of the outer facade layer can also be done with ceramic, glass tiles or thin tiles made of sawn stone or crushed stone materials.

Rice. 3.4. External reinforced concrete one-, two- and three-layer wall panels:

a – single-layer; b – two-layer; c – three-layer; 1 – lightweight structural and thermal insulating concrete; 2 – outer protective and finishing layer; 3 – structural concrete; 4 – effective insulation

Rice. 3.5. Component elements of the cross sections of external reinforced concrete wall panels: a – with an external protective and finishing layer; b – with external protective-finishing and internal finishing layers; c – from cellular concrete; d – two-layer with an internal load-bearing layer; d – three-layer with rigid connections between concrete layers; e – three-layer with flexible connections between layers; 1 – structural thermal insulation or cellular concrete; 2 – outer protective and finishing layer; 3 – internal finishing layer; 4 – outer and inner load-bearing layers; 5 – lightweight thermal insulating concrete; 6 – fittings; 7 and 8 – flexible connection elements made of anti-corrosion steel; 9 – effective insulation; δ – thickness of the insulating layer

Single-layer panels are reinforced along the contour with a welded mesh frame, and above the window openings - with a welded spatial frame. To prevent cracks from opening in the corners of the openings, cross rods or L-shaped meshes are laid outside (Fig. 3.6).

Single-layer panels made of autoclaved cellular concrete cannot be made in height to fit the entire floor wall and walls with linear strip cutting are made from them. The reinforcement of such panels is protected from corrosion by coating with an anti-corrosion compound.

Rice. 3.6. Scheme of reinforcement of a single-layer lightweight concrete panel of an external wall:

1 – lintel frame; 2 – lifting loop; 3 – reinforcement frame; 4 – L-shaped reinforcing mesh in the façade layer

Due to the high vapor permeability of lightweight concrete and, therefore, the possibility of water vapor condensation forming inside single-layer panels and freezing at low outdoor temperatures, it is advisable to use such panels for buildings with low relative humidity of indoor air (no more than 60%). The thickness of single-layer panels is 240–320 mm, but not more than 400 mm.

b) Double-layer reinforced concrete external wall panels

Double-layer wall panels consist of an internal load-bearing layer made of heavy or lightweight structural concrete, and an external insulating layer made of structural and thermal insulating lightweight concrete. The thickness of the internal load-bearing layer is at least 100 mm, and the thickness of the outer insulating layer is determined by calculations for thermal protection. On the outside, double-layer wall panels have a protective and finishing layer of cement mortar 20–25 mm thick with the same finishing as in single-layer panels.

Since the internal load-bearing layer of dense concrete in two-layer panels has low vapor permeability, such panels can be used in buildings with high relative humidity of internal air. Reinforcement of double-layer wall panels is carried out similarly to single-layer panels, i.e. the reinforcement frame is placed in the load-bearing and insulating concrete layers, but the working reinforcement of the lintels is placed in the load-bearing concrete layer. The total thickness of two-layer wall panels is no more than 400 mm (Figure 3.7).

c) Three-layer reinforced concrete external wall panels

Three-layer external wall panels consist of an inner and outer layer made of heavy or dense lightweight structural concrete, between which an insulating layer of effective thermal insulation material is laid. The thickness of the insulating layer is determined by calculations for thermal protection, and the thicknesses of the inner and outer concrete layers depend on the design solution of the wall panel and the magnitude of the perceived loads.

The inner layer of the panels is reinforced with a spatial frame, and the outer layer with reinforcing mesh. Depending on the design, three-layer wall panels are available with flexible or rigid connections between the inner and outer concrete layers (Fig. 3.5 and 3.8). Flexible connections are metal rods in the form of vertical hangers and horizontal struts connecting the reinforcing frame of the inner layer and the reinforcing mesh of the outer layer of the wall panel, i.e. they are attached by welding or tied to the spatial reinforcement frame of the inner layer and the reinforcing mesh of the outer layer. The metal rods of flexible connections are made of corrosion-resistant steel or they have an anti-corrosion coating in the insulation area.

Flexible connections ensure independent operation of the concrete layers of the wall panel and eliminate thermal forces between layers. The outer layer in panels with flexible connections performs enclosing functions and its thickness must be at least 50 mm. The thickness of the inner layer in three-layer panels with flexible connections in load-bearing and self-supporting wall panels is not less than 80 mm, and in non-load-bearing panels - not less than 65 mm.

Figure 3.7. Two-layer concrete panel of the outer wall: 1 and 2 – embedded parts for fastening heating radiators; 3 – lifting loops; 4 – reinforcement frame; 5 – internal load-bearing layer; 6 – outer protective and finishing layer; 7 – drain; 8 – window sill board; 9 – lightweight concrete thermal insulation layer; N– floor height; IN– panel length; h– panel thickness; δ – thickness of the thermal insulation layer

In three-layer wall panels with rigid connections, the inner and outer concrete layers are connected using vertical and horizontal reinforced concrete ribs. Rigid connections ensure joint static operation of the concrete layers of wall panels and protect the connecting reinforcing bars from corrosion. Connecting reinforcing bars are placed in concrete tie ribs and are attached by welding or tied to the reinforcing cage of the inner layer and the reinforcing mesh of the outer layer.

The disadvantage of installing rigid connections in external wall panels is through heat-conducting inclusions formed by the ribs, which can lead to condensation on the inner surface of the walls. To reduce the influence of the thermal conductivity of the ribs on the temperature of the inner surface of the walls, they are made with a thickness of no more than 40 mm and preferably from lightweight concrete, and the inner concrete layer is thickened to 80–120 mm. The thickness of the outer layer is at least 50 mm. Exterior finishing of three-layer wall panels is carried out in the same way as single- and two-layer ones. In all external wall panels, embedded parts for fastening to other structural elements are placed in the load-bearing layer.

Rice. 3.8. Three-layer concrete panels of external walls and connections between their concrete layers:

a – layout diagram of flexible connections; b – the same rigid connections: 1 – suspension; 2 – spacer; 3 – strut; 4 – rib made of concrete outer layers; 5 – rib made of lightweight concrete; 6 – internal concrete layer; 7 – outer concrete layer; 8 – reinforcement frame of the inner layer; 9 – reinforcement mesh of the outer layer; 10 – reinforcement of ribs; 11 – effective insulation

Concrete products are an integral part of the construction process. Having appeared on the market 50 years ago, ready-made reinforced concrete panels have become a popular building material. Entire neighborhoods were built from them. And now many types and brands of reinforced concrete wall slabs are presented on the market. Thus, when using them, construction time is reduced.

Definition

Reinforced concrete wall panels are a part of the wall structure, which is made of concrete in an industrial environment and reinforced with various types of reinforcement (mesh or rods). It is characterized by strength and fire resistance.

Purpose

The speed of construction when using concrete panels was an undeniable advantage and they began to be used en masse in the construction of high-rise buildings. Having appreciated the reliability and practicality, reinforced concrete wall panels are increasingly used for the construction of private cottages, low-rise residential buildings, government institutions and industrial buildings.

Kinds

Reinforced concrete panels for walls have a number of types and subtypes, but all classifications are conditional and created to help understand the specifics and application of each type of material. According to their functional purpose, the wall panel is classified:

• for the construction of residential buildings;
• production facilities;
• engineering and technical structures;
• basement and attic rooms (the basement slab is a wall that encloses the part of the building located underground from the outside);
• for installation both inside and around the perimeter.

By design they are divided into:

• monolithic;
• hollow;
• from one type of concrete;
• from several types.

By number of layers:

• monolithic;
• prefabricated

The latter are:

• Reinforced concrete single-layer panels are elements made of a single grade of concrete and are relatively lightweight. Their characteristic feature is that the side that will be inside the building is coated with special cement. This cement facilitates the final formation and finishing of the interior wall.
• Two-layer - assume the presence of both a layer of reinforced plate and a layer of heat insulator. Most often it is represented by mineral wool, foam glass or foam concrete, cemented with a screed. The insulated side is placed inside the building.
• Three-layer panels are two interconnected ribbed reinforced concrete panels, between which insulation is located. These are the heaviest, but at the same time the most functional building materials for the construction of high-rise buildings.

• self-supporting;
• bearing;
• non-load-bearing;
• floor-bearing.

The samples are also differentiated by brand, binder components, types of reinforcement, place of application (internal or external), etc.

Advantages and disadvantages

There are a number of undeniable advantages inherent in reinforced concrete wall panels:

• Resistant to temperature changes and aggressive external environments.
• Fire resistance.
• Good load-bearing capacity.
• Strength.
• Moisture resistance.
• Length of service life.
• Installation speed.
• Acceptable heat and noise insulation.
• The internal surface does not require special treatment before repair. It is smooth.
• Versatility of use.

Along with this, there are also disadvantages of such building materials:

• The need to involve special equipment at all stages - from transportation to installation.
• Heavyness.
• Thermal and sound insulation is lower than in brick buildings.
• Difficulty in fragmentary replacement.

Typical sizes

Reinforced concrete wall panels can be of different sizes and configurations. Therefore, determining its parameters is the most important condition even at the stage of building design. At this stage, both the dimensions of the elements and the size and number of openings are taken into account. The standard sizes of these products are strictly regulated by GOST. The thickness of the walls, depending on the number of layers, ranges from 20-50 centimeters. The standard dimensions are 6x1.2 and 12x1.8 meters. For production facilities, the panel length can be 6.9 and 12 meters. For walls with formed separate openings, slabs 1.5-3 meters long are used. And for doorways - 1.48-2.98 m.

Marking

According to GOST, the manufacturer on the edge of a reinforced concrete wall fragment is obliged to apply basic information about the characteristics of the element with indelible paint. Thus, information is presented in the form of markings with three alphanumeric characters separated by a hyphen.

The first number indicated is the production method (1-3 - monolithic, 4-6 - composite). The second position is a letter indicating the type of wall panel (B - internal, H - external). Then follows a letter indicating the place of application (C - for walls, C-, Ch - attic). The markings on the panels also indicate the dimensions: length - in decimeters, and width - in centimeters.

Production methods

The production of reinforced concrete structures is carried out at construction factories. Different types of concrete and different types of reinforcement are used. Based on this, the concrete used is divided into: heavy, light, extra heavy and extra light. Depending on the type of reinforcement in a reinforced concrete structure - initially stressed and using conventional reinforcement. There are four main methods for producing reinforced concrete wall panels:

• Flow-aggregate - during constant heat and moisture treatment, fragments are moved around the workshops, according to production technology.
• Bench-type - elements of particularly large volumes are poured into stationary molds, and the units themselves are transported and form them.
• Cassette - stationary forms are also used, but after certain procedures the products are removed using special lifts.
• Vibrating rolling – all production stages are carried out on a vibrating rolling conveyor.

Wall panels Wall panels

Buy wall panels in Moscow

There are two types of prefabricated construction of buildings and structures: large-block and large-panel. In large-block buildings, the load-bearing and also enclosing structure is a wall made of large blocks, which carries the load from the roof and ceilings. In turn, protecting the inside of the structure from the cold. To speed up the construction process, they began to create building structures whose walls were made of large panels larger than the size of the blocks. Wall panels, the price of which is low, represent the most complex structure among the elements of prefabricated structures and buildings.

The complexity of the design of wall panels is determined by comparing the requirements for them, which differ in purpose and properties, such as:

– strength;

– heat and sound insulation;

- architectural design of the building.

Large-panel buildings are divided into frameless-panel and frame-panel. Types of wall panels are the basis for dividing structures. Products can be load-bearing and enclosing, or only enclosing.

Wall panels, the sizes of which are presented on the website, are produced for external as well as internal walls. Panels for external walls are made with one layer of lightweight or cellular concrete. The panels are made of layered heavy concrete and insulated. Today, the most common ones in the construction of residential buildings are single-layer wall slabs; three-layer ones are used somewhat less frequently.

Wall panels: price and production

We offer high quality products at fairly reasonable prices. The price for wall slabs is the best in Moscow. The cost of all products depends on the type, size, and materials of production. For additional information about the price of wall panels, you can contact the specified phone number. An Anler employee will be able to answer all your questions and give professional advice.

Wall panels are made only from high quality materials. The outside of the product is finished with a layer of decorative concrete or mortar, also painted with weather-resistant compounds, or covered with ceramic tiles. Interior wall panels are produced in room sizes.

The Anler company offers to buy wall panels. Our reinforced concrete products meet all GOST requirements, and the production process is carefully controlled by specialists. Therefore, you can safely contact our company. We guarantee not only high quality, but also the best prices in Moscow.